openzeppelin-contracts/contracts/utils/structs/DoubleEndedQueue.sol

// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
// OpenZeppelin Contracts (last updated v4.9.0) (utils/structs/DoubleEndedQueue.sol)
pragma solidity ^0.8.19;

import {SafeCast} from "../math/SafeCast.sol";

/**
 * @dev A sequence of items with the ability to efficiently push and pop items (i.e. insert and remove) on both ends of
 * the sequence (called front and back). Among other access patterns, it can be used to implement efficient LIFO and
 * FIFO queues. Storage use is optimized, and all operations are O(1) constant time. This includes {clear}, given that
 * the existing queue contents are left in storage.
 *
 * The struct is called `Bytes32Deque`. Other types can be cast to and from `bytes32`. This data structure can only be
 * used in storage, and not in memory.
 * ```solidity
 * DoubleEndedQueue.Bytes32Deque queue;
 * ```
 */
library DoubleEndedQueue {
    /**
     * @dev An operation (e.g. {front}) couldn't be completed due to the queue being empty.
     */
    error QueueEmpty();

    /**
     * @dev An operation (e.g. {at}) couldn't be completed due to an index being out of bounds.
     */
    error QueueOutOfBounds();

    /**
     * @dev Indices are signed integers because the queue can grow in any direction. They are 128 bits so begin and end
     * are packed in a single storage slot for efficient access. Since the items are added one at a time we can safely
     * assume that these 128-bit indices will not overflow, and use unchecked arithmetic.
     *
     * Struct members have an underscore prefix indicating that they are "private" and should not be read or written to
     * directly. Use the functions provided below instead. Modifying the struct manually may violate assumptions and
     * lead to unexpected behavior.
     *
     * Indices are in the range [begin, end) which means the first item is at data[begin] and the last item is at
     * data[end - 1].
     */
    struct Bytes32Deque {
        int128 _begin;
        int128 _end;
        mapping(int128 => bytes32) _data;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Inserts an item at the end of the queue.
     */
    function pushBack(Bytes32Deque storage deque, bytes32 value) internal {
        int128 backIndex = deque._end;
        deque._data[backIndex] = value;
        unchecked {
            deque._end = backIndex + 1;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes the item at the end of the queue and returns it.
     *
     * Reverts with `QueueEmpty` if the queue is empty.
     */
    function popBack(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal returns (bytes32 value) {
        if (empty(deque)) revert QueueEmpty();
        int128 backIndex;
        unchecked {
            backIndex = deque._end - 1;
        }
        value = deque._data[backIndex];
        delete deque._data[backIndex];
        deque._end = backIndex;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Inserts an item at the beginning of the queue.
     */
    function pushFront(Bytes32Deque storage deque, bytes32 value) internal {
        int128 frontIndex;
        unchecked {
            frontIndex = deque._begin - 1;
        }
        deque._data[frontIndex] = value;
        deque._begin = frontIndex;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Removes the item at the beginning of the queue and returns it.
     *
     * Reverts with `QueueEmpty` if the queue is empty.
     */
    function popFront(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal returns (bytes32 value) {
        if (empty(deque)) revert QueueEmpty();
        int128 frontIndex = deque._begin;
        value = deque._data[frontIndex];
        delete deque._data[frontIndex];
        unchecked {
            deque._begin = frontIndex + 1;
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the item at the beginning of the queue.
     *
     * Reverts with `QueueEmpty` if the queue is empty.
     */
    function front(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal view returns (bytes32 value) {
        if (empty(deque)) revert QueueEmpty();
        int128 frontIndex = deque._begin;
        return deque._data[frontIndex];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the item at the end of the queue.
     *
     * Reverts with `QueueEmpty` if the queue is empty.
     */
    function back(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal view returns (bytes32 value) {
        if (empty(deque)) revert QueueEmpty();
        int128 backIndex;
        unchecked {
            backIndex = deque._end - 1;
        }
        return deque._data[backIndex];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Return the item at a position in the queue given by `index`, with the first item at 0 and last item at
     * `length(deque) - 1`.
     *
     * Reverts with `QueueOutOfBounds` if the index is out of bounds.
     */
    function at(Bytes32Deque storage deque, uint256 index) internal view returns (bytes32 value) {
        // int256(deque._begin) is a safe upcast
        int128 idx = SafeCast.toInt128(int256(deque._begin) + SafeCast.toInt256(index));
        if (idx >= deque._end) revert QueueOutOfBounds();
        return deque._data[idx];
    }

    /**
     * @dev Resets the queue back to being empty.
     *
     * NOTE: The current items are left behind in storage. This does not affect the functioning of the queue, but misses
     * out on potential gas refunds.
     */
    function clear(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal {
        deque._begin = 0;
        deque._end = 0;
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns the number of items in the queue.
     */
    function length(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal view returns (uint256) {
        // The interface preserves the invariant that begin <= end so we assume this will not overflow.
        // We also assume there are at most int256.max items in the queue.
        unchecked {
            return uint256(int256(deque._end) - int256(deque._begin));
        }
    }

    /**
     * @dev Returns true if the queue is empty.
     */
    function empty(Bytes32Deque storage deque) internal view returns (bool) {
        return deque._end <= deque._begin;
    }
}