pyth-network_pyth-crosschain/ethereum/test/pyth.js

const jsonfile = require("jsonfile");
const elliptic = require("elliptic");
const BigNumber = require("bignumber.js");
const governance = require("@pythnetwork/xc-governance-sdk");

const PythStructs = artifacts.require("PythStructs");

const { deployProxy, upgradeProxy } = require("@openzeppelin/truffle-upgrades");
const { expectRevert, expectEvent, time } = require("@openzeppelin/test-helpers");
const { assert, expect } = require("chai");
const { deployProxyImpl } = require("@openzeppelin/truffle-upgrades/dist/utils");

// Use "WormholeReceiver" if you are testing with Wormhole Receiver
const Wormhole = artifacts.require("Wormhole");

const PythUpgradable = artifacts.require("PythUpgradable");
const MockPythUpgrade = artifacts.require("MockPythUpgrade");
const MockUpgradeableProxy = artifacts.require("MockUpgradeableProxy");

const testSigner1PK =
    "cfb12303a19cde580bb4dd771639b0d26bc68353645571a8cff516ab2ee113a0";
const testSigner2PK =
    "892330666a850761e7370376430bb8c2aa1494072d3bfeaed0c4fa3d5a9135fe";

contract("Pyth", function () {
    const testSigner1 = web3.eth.accounts.privateKeyToAccount(testSigner1PK);
    const testSigner2 = web3.eth.accounts.privateKeyToAccount(testSigner2PK);
    const testGovernanceChainId = "1";
    const testGovernanceEmitter =
        "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001234";
    const testPyth2WormholeChainId = "1";
    const testPyth2WormholeEmitter =
        "0x71f8dcb863d176e2c420ad6610cf687359612b6fb392e0642b0ca6b1f186aa3b";
    const notOwnerError =
        "Ownable: caller is not the owner -- Reason given: Ownable: caller is not the owner.";
    const insufficientFeeError = 
        "insufficient paid fee amount";

    // Place all atomic operations that are done within migrations here.
    beforeEach(async function () {
        this.pythProxy = await deployProxy(PythUpgradable, [
            (await Wormhole.deployed()).address,
            testPyth2WormholeChainId,
            testPyth2WormholeEmitter,
        ]);

        await this.pythProxy.addDataSource(
            testPyth2WormholeChainId,
            testPyth2WormholeEmitter
        );

        // Setting the validity time to 60 seconds
        await this.pythProxy.updateValidTimePeriodSeconds(60);

        // Setting the governance data source to 0x1 (solana) and some random emitter address
        await this.pythProxy.updateGovernanceDataSource(testGovernanceChainId, testGovernanceEmitter, 0);
    });

    it("should be initialized with the correct signers and values", async function () {
        await this.pythProxy.isValidDataSource(testPyth2WormholeChainId, testPyth2WormholeEmitter);
    });

    it("should allow upgrades from the owner", async function () {
        // Check that the owner is the default account Truffle
        // has configured for the network. upgradeProxy will send
        // transactions from the default account.
        const accounts = await web3.eth.getAccounts();
        const defaultAccount = accounts[0];
        const owner = await this.pythProxy.owner();
        assert.equal(owner, defaultAccount);

        // Try and upgrade the proxy
        const newImplementation = await upgradeProxy(
            this.pythProxy.address,
            MockPythUpgrade
        );

        // Check that the new upgrade is successful
        assert.equal(await newImplementation.isUpgradeActive(), true);
        assert.equal(this.pythProxy.address, newImplementation.address);
    });

    it("should allow ownership transfer", async function () {
        // Check that the owner is the default account Truffle
        // has configured for the network.
        const accounts = await web3.eth.getAccounts();
        const defaultAccount = accounts[0];
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.owner(), defaultAccount);

        // Check that another account can't transfer the ownership
        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.transferOwnership(accounts[1], {
                from: accounts[1],
            }),
            notOwnerError
        );

        // Transfer the ownership to another account
        await this.pythProxy.transferOwnership(accounts[2], {
            from: defaultAccount,
        });
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.owner(), accounts[2]);

        // Check that the original account can't transfer the ownership back to itself
        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.transferOwnership(defaultAccount, {
                from: defaultAccount,
            }),
            notOwnerError
        );

        // Check that the new owner can transfer the ownership back to the original account
        await this.pythProxy.transferOwnership(defaultAccount, {
            from: accounts[2],
        });
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.owner(), defaultAccount);
    });

    it("should not allow upgrades from the another account", async function () {
        // This test is slightly convoluted as, due to a limitation of Truffle,
        // we cannot specify which account upgradeProxy send transactions from:
        // it will always use the default account.
        //
        // Therefore, we transfer the ownership to another account first,
        // and then attempt an upgrade using the default account.

        // Check that the owner is the default account Truffle
        // has configured for the network.
        const accounts = await web3.eth.getAccounts();
        const defaultAccount = accounts[0];
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.owner(), defaultAccount);

        // Transfer the ownership to another account
        const newOwnerAccount = accounts[1];
        await this.pythProxy.transferOwnership(newOwnerAccount, {
            from: defaultAccount,
        });
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.owner(), newOwnerAccount);

        // Try and upgrade using the default account, which will fail
        // because we are no longer the owner.
        await expectRevert(
            upgradeProxy(this.pythProxy.address, MockPythUpgrade),
            notOwnerError
        );
    });

    it("should allow updating singleUpdateFeeInWei by owner", async function () {
        // Check that the owner is the default account Truffle
        // has configured for the network.
        const accounts = await web3.eth.getAccounts();
        const defaultAccount = accounts[0];
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.owner(), defaultAccount);

        // Check initial fee is zero
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.singleUpdateFeeInWei(), 0);

        // Set fee 
        await this.pythProxy.updateSingleUpdateFeeInWei(10);
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.singleUpdateFeeInWei(), 10);
    });

    it("should not allow updating singleUpdateFeeInWei by another account", async function () {
        // Check that the owner is the default account Truffle
        // has configured for the network.
        const accounts = await web3.eth.getAccounts();
        const defaultAccount = accounts[0];
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.owner(), defaultAccount);

        // Check initial valid time period is zero
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.singleUpdateFeeInWei(), 0);

        // Checks setting valid time period using another account reverts.
        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.updateSingleUpdateFeeInWei(10, {from: accounts[1]}),
            notOwnerError,
        );
    });

    it("should allow updating validTimePeriodSeconds by owner", async function () {
        // Check that the owner is the default account Truffle
        // has configured for the network.
        const accounts = await web3.eth.getAccounts();
        const defaultAccount = accounts[0];
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.owner(), defaultAccount);

        // Check valid time period is 60 (set in beforeEach)
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.validTimePeriodSeconds(), 60);

        // Set valid time period 
        await this.pythProxy.updateValidTimePeriodSeconds(30);
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.validTimePeriodSeconds(), 30);
    });

    it("should not allow updating validTimePeriodSeconds by another account", async function () {
        // Check that the owner is the default account Truffle
        // has configured for the network.
        const accounts = await web3.eth.getAccounts();
        const defaultAccount = accounts[0];
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.owner(), defaultAccount);

        // Check valid time period is 60 (set in beforeEach)
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.validTimePeriodSeconds(), 60);

        // Checks setting validity time using another account reverts.
        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.updateValidTimePeriodSeconds(30, {from: accounts[1]}),
            notOwnerError,
        );
    });

    // NOTE(2022-05-02): Raw hex payload obtained from format serialization unit tests in `p2w-sdk/rust`
    // Latest known addition: wire format v3
    //
    // Tests rely on a p2w-sdk mock price/prod ID generation rule:
    // nthProdByte(n) = n % 256, starting with n=1
    // nthPriceByte(n) = 255 - (n % 256), starting with n=1
    //
    // Examples:
    // 1st prod = "0x010101[...]"
    // 1st price = "0xFEFEFE[...]"
    // 2nd prod = "0x020202[...]"
    // 2nd price = "0xFDFDFD[...]"
    // 3rd prod = "0x030303[...]"
    // 3rd price = "0xFCFCFC[...]"
    const RAW_BATCH_ATTESTATION_TIME_REGEX = /DEADBEEFFADEDEED/g;
    const RAW_BATCH_PUBLISH_TIME_REGEX = /00000000DADEBEEF/g;
    const RAW_BATCH_PRICE_REGEX = /0000002BAD2FEED7/g;
    const RAW_BATCH_PREV_PRICE_REGEX = /0000DEADFACEBEEF/g;
    const RAW_BATCH_PREV_PUBLISH_TIME_REGEX = /00000000DEADBABE/g;
    const RAW_BATCH_EMA_PRICE_REGEX  = /FFFFFFFFFFFFFFD6/g;
    const RAW_PRICE_ATTESTATION_SIZE = 149;
    const RAW_BATCH_ATTESTATION_COUNT = 10;
    const RAW_BATCH =
        "0x" +
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
    const RAW_UNKNOWN_BATCH_ATTESTATION_COUNT = 3;
    const RAW_UNKNOWN_BATCH =
        "0x" +  
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

    // Takes an unsigned 64-bit integer, converts it to hex with 0-padding
    function u64ToHex(timestamp) {
        // u64 -> 8 bytes -> 16 hex bytes
        return timestamp.toString(16).padStart(16, "0");
    }

    function generateRawBatchAttestation(
        publishTime,
        attestationTime,
        priceVal,
        emaPriceVal,
    ) {
        const pubTs = u64ToHex(publishTime);
        const attTs = u64ToHex(attestationTime);
        const price = u64ToHex(priceVal);
        const emaPrice = u64ToHex(emaPriceVal || priceVal);
        const replaced = RAW_BATCH.replace(RAW_BATCH_PUBLISH_TIME_REGEX, pubTs)
            .replace(RAW_BATCH_ATTESTATION_TIME_REGEX, attTs)
            .replace(RAW_BATCH_PRICE_REGEX, price)
            .replace(RAW_BATCH_EMA_PRICE_REGEX, emaPrice);
        return replaced;
    }

    function generateRawUnknownBatchAttestation(
        publishTime,
        attestationTime,
        priceVal,
        emaPriceVal,
        prevPublishTime,
        prevPriceVal,
    ) {
        const pubTs = u64ToHex(publishTime);
        const attTs = u64ToHex(attestationTime);
        const price = u64ToHex(priceVal);
        const emaPrice = u64ToHex(emaPriceVal);
        const prevPubTs = u64ToHex(prevPublishTime);
        const prevPrice = u64ToHex(prevPriceVal);

        const replaced = RAW_UNKNOWN_BATCH.replace(RAW_BATCH_PUBLISH_TIME_REGEX, pubTs)
            .replace(RAW_BATCH_ATTESTATION_TIME_REGEX, attTs)
            .replace(RAW_BATCH_PRICE_REGEX, price)
            .replace(RAW_BATCH_EMA_PRICE_REGEX, emaPrice)
            .replace(RAW_BATCH_PREV_PUBLISH_TIME_REGEX, prevPubTs)
            .replace(RAW_BATCH_PREV_PRICE_REGEX, prevPrice);
        return replaced;
    }

    it.only("should parse batch price attestation correctly", async function () {
        let attestationTime = 1647273460; // re-used for publishTime
        let publishTime = 1647273465; // re-used for publishTime
        let priceVal = 1337;
        let emaPriceVal = 2022;
        let rawBatch = generateRawBatchAttestation(
            publishTime,
            attestationTime,
            priceVal,
            emaPriceVal
        );

        const receipt = await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch]);

        expectEvent(receipt, 'PriceFeedUpdate', {
            price: "1337",
        });

        for (var i = 1; i <= RAW_BATCH_ATTESTATION_COUNT; i++) {
            const price_id =
                "0x" +
                (255 - (i % 256)).toString(16).padStart(2, "0").repeat(32);

            const price = await this.pythProxy.getPriceUnsafe(price_id);
            assert.equal(price.price, priceVal.toString());
            assert.equal(price.conf, "101"); // The value is hardcoded in the RAW_BATCH.
            assert.equal(price.publishTime, publishTime.toString());
            assert.equal(price.expo, "-3"); // The value is hardcoded in the RAW_BATCH.

            const emaPrice = await this.pythProxy.getEmaPriceUnsafe(price_id);
            assert.equal(emaPrice.price, emaPriceVal.toString());
            assert.equal(emaPrice.conf, "42"); // The value is hardcoded in the RAW_BATCH.
            assert.equal(emaPrice.publishTime, publishTime.toString());
            assert.equal(emaPrice.expo, "-3"); // The value is hardcoded in the RAW_BATCH.
        }
    });

    async function updatePriceFeeds(contract, batches, valueInWei, chainId, emitter) {
        let updateData = [];
        for (let data of batches) {
            const vm = await signAndEncodeVM(
                1,
                1,
                chainId || testPyth2WormholeChainId,
                emitter || testPyth2WormholeEmitter,
                0,
                data,
                [testSigner1PK],
                0,
                0
            );
            updateData.push("0x" + vm);
        }
        return await contract.updatePriceFeeds(updateData, {value: valueInWei});
    }

    it("should attest price updates over wormhole", async function () {
        let ts = 1647273460;
        let rawBatch = generateRawBatchAttestation(ts - 5, ts, 1337);
        await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch]);
    });

    it("should attest price updates empty", async function () {
        const receipt = await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, []);
        expectEvent.notEmitted(receipt, 'PriceFeedUpdate');
        expectEvent.notEmitted(receipt, 'BatchPriceFeedUpdate');
        expectEvent(receipt, 'UpdatePriceFeeds', {
            batchCount: '0',
        });
    });

    it("should attest price updates with multiple batches of correct order", async function () {
        let ts = 1647273460;
        let rawBatch1 = generateRawBatchAttestation(ts - 5, ts, 1337);
        let rawBatch2 = generateRawBatchAttestation(ts + 5, ts + 10, 1338);
        const receipt = await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch1, rawBatch2]);
        expectEvent(receipt, 'PriceFeedUpdate', {
            fresh: true,
        });
        expectEvent(receipt, 'BatchPriceFeedUpdate', {
            batchSize: '10',
            freshPricesInBatch: '10',
        });
        expectEvent(receipt, 'UpdatePriceFeeds', {
            batchCount: '2',
        });
    });

    it("should attest price updates with multiple batches of wrong order", async function () {
        let ts = 1647273460;
        let rawBatch1 = generateRawBatchAttestation(ts - 5, ts, 1337);
        let rawBatch2 = generateRawBatchAttestation(ts + 5, ts + 10, 1338);
        const receipt = await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch2, rawBatch1]);
        expectEvent(receipt, 'PriceFeedUpdate', {
            fresh: true,
        });
        expectEvent(receipt, 'PriceFeedUpdate', {
            fresh: false,
        });
        expectEvent(receipt, 'BatchPriceFeedUpdate', {
            batchSize: '10',
            freshPricesInBatch: '10',
        });
        expectEvent(receipt, 'BatchPriceFeedUpdate', {
            batchSize: '10',
            freshPricesInBatch: '0',
        });
        expectEvent(receipt, 'UpdatePriceFeeds', {
            batchCount: '2',
        });
    });

    it("should not attest price updates with when required fee is not given", async function () {
        // Check that the owner is the default account Truffle
        // has configured for the network.
        const accounts = await web3.eth.getAccounts();
        const defaultAccount = accounts[0];
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.owner(), defaultAccount);

        // Check initial fee is zero
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.singleUpdateFeeInWei(), 0);

        // Set fee 
        await this.pythProxy.updateSingleUpdateFeeInWei(10);
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.singleUpdateFeeInWei(), 10);

        let ts = 1647273460;
        let rawBatch1 = generateRawBatchAttestation(ts - 5, ts, 1337);
        let rawBatch2 = generateRawBatchAttestation(ts + 5, ts + 10, 1338);

        // Getting the fee from the contract
        let feeInWei = await this.pythProxy.methods["getUpdateFee(bytes[])"]([rawBatch1, rawBatch2]);
        assert.equal(feeInWei, 20);

        // When a smaller fee is payed it reverts
        await expectRevert(
            updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch1, rawBatch2], feeInWei - 1), 
            insufficientFeeError
        );
    });

    it("should attest price updates with when required fee is given", async function () {
        // Check that the owner is the default account Truffle
        // has configured for the network.
        const accounts = await web3.eth.getAccounts();
        const defaultAccount = accounts[0];
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.owner(), defaultAccount);

        // Check initial fee is zero
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.singleUpdateFeeInWei(), 0);

        // Set fee 
        await this.pythProxy.updateSingleUpdateFeeInWei(10);
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.singleUpdateFeeInWei(), 10);

        let ts = 1647273460;
        let rawBatch1 = generateRawBatchAttestation(ts - 5, ts, 1337);
        let rawBatch2 = generateRawBatchAttestation(ts + 5, ts + 10, 1338);

        // Getting the fee from the contract
        let feeInWei = await this.pythProxy.methods["getUpdateFee(bytes[])"]([rawBatch1, rawBatch2]);
        assert.equal(feeInWei, 20);

        const receipt = await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch1, rawBatch2], feeInWei);
        expectEvent(receipt, 'UpdatePriceFeeds', {
            fee: feeInWei
        });
        const pythBalance = await web3.eth.getBalance(this.pythProxy.address);
        assert.equal(pythBalance, feeInWei);
    });

    it("should attest price updates with required fee even if more fee is given", async function () {
        // Check that the owner is the default account Truffle
        // has configured for the network.
        const accounts = await web3.eth.getAccounts();
        const defaultAccount = accounts[0];
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.owner(), defaultAccount);

        // Check initial fee is zero
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.singleUpdateFeeInWei(), 0);

        // Set fee 
        await this.pythProxy.updateSingleUpdateFeeInWei(10);
        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.singleUpdateFeeInWei(), 10);

        let ts = 1647273460;
        let rawBatch1 = generateRawBatchAttestation(ts - 5, ts, 1337);
        let rawBatch2 = generateRawBatchAttestation(ts + 5, ts + 10, 1338);

        // Paying the fee works and extra fee is not paid back.
        let feeInWei = await this.pythProxy.methods["getUpdateFee(bytes[])"]([rawBatch1, rawBatch2]);
        assert.equal(feeInWei, 20);

        const receipt = await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch1, rawBatch2], feeInWei + 10);
        expectEvent(receipt, 'UpdatePriceFeeds', {
            fee: feeInWei
        });
        const pythBalance = await web3.eth.getBalance(this.pythProxy.address);
        assert.equal(pythBalance, feeInWei + 10);
    });

    it("should cache price updates", async function () {
        let currentTimestamp = (await web3.eth.getBlock("latest")).timestamp;
        let priceVal = 521;
        let rawBatch = generateRawBatchAttestation(
            currentTimestamp - 5,
            currentTimestamp,
            priceVal
        );
        let receipt = await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch]);
        expectEvent(receipt, 'PriceFeedUpdate', {
            fresh: true,
        });
        expectEvent(receipt, 'BatchPriceFeedUpdate', {
            batchSize: '10',
            freshPricesInBatch: '10',
        });
        expectEvent(receipt, 'UpdatePriceFeeds', {
            batchCount: '1',
        });

        let first_prod_id = "0x" + "01".repeat(32);
        let first_price_id = "0x" + "fe".repeat(32);
        let second_prod_id = "0x" + "02".repeat(32);
        let second_price_id = "0x" + "fd".repeat(32);

        // Confirm that previously non-existent feeds are created
        let first = await this.pythProxy.queryPriceFeed(first_price_id);
        console.debug(`first is ${JSON.stringify(first)}`);
        assert.equal(first.price.price, priceVal);

        let second = await this.pythProxy.queryPriceFeed(second_price_id);
        assert.equal(second.price.price, priceVal);

        // Confirm the price is bumped after a new attestation updates each record
        let nextTimestamp = currentTimestamp + 1;
        let rawBatch2 = generateRawBatchAttestation(
            nextTimestamp - 5,
            nextTimestamp,
            priceVal + 5
        );
        receipt = await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch2]);
        expectEvent(receipt, 'PriceFeedUpdate', {
            fresh: true,
        });
        expectEvent(receipt, 'BatchPriceFeedUpdate', {
            batchSize: '10',
            freshPricesInBatch: '10',
        });
        expectEvent(receipt, 'UpdatePriceFeeds', {
            batchCount: '1',
        });

        first = await this.pythProxy.queryPriceFeed(first_price_id);
        assert.equal(first.price.price, priceVal + 5);

        second = await this.pythProxy.queryPriceFeed(second_price_id);
        assert.equal(second.price.price, priceVal + 5);

        // Confirm that only strictly larger timestamps trigger updates
        let rawBatch3 = generateRawBatchAttestation(
            nextTimestamp - 5,
            nextTimestamp,
            priceVal + 10
        );
        receipt = await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch3]);
        expectEvent(receipt, 'PriceFeedUpdate', {
            fresh: false,
        });
        expectEvent(receipt, 'BatchPriceFeedUpdate', {
            batchSize: '10',
            freshPricesInBatch: '0',
        });
        expectEvent(receipt, 'UpdatePriceFeeds', {
            batchCount: '1',
        });

        first = await this.pythProxy.queryPriceFeed(first_price_id);
        assert.equal(first.price.price, priceVal + 5);
        assert.notEqual(first.price.price, priceVal + 10);

        second = await this.pythProxy.queryPriceFeed(second_price_id);
        assert.equal(second.price.price, priceVal + 5);
        assert.notEqual(second.price.price, priceVal + 10);
    });

    it("should fail transaction if a price is not found", async function () {
        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.queryPriceFeed(
                "0xdeadfeeddeadfeeddeadfeeddeadfeeddeadfeeddeadfeeddeadfeeddeadfeed"
            ),
            "price feed for the given id is not pushed or does not exist"
        );
    });

    it("should revert on getting stale current prices", async function () {
        let smallestTimestamp = 1;
        let rawBatch = generateRawBatchAttestation(
            smallestTimestamp,
            smallestTimestamp + 5,
            1337
        );
        await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch]);

        for (var i = 1; i <= RAW_BATCH_ATTESTATION_COUNT; i++) {
            const price_id =
                "0x" +
                (255 - (i % 256)).toString(16).padStart(2, "0").repeat(32);
            expectRevert(
                this.pythProxy.getPrice(price_id),
                "no price available which is recent enough"
            );
        }
    });

    it("should revert on getting current prices too far into the future as they are considered unknown", async function () {
        let largestTimestamp = 4294967295;
        let rawBatch = generateRawBatchAttestation(
            largestTimestamp - 5,
            largestTimestamp,
            1337
        );
        await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch]);

        for (var i = 1; i <= RAW_BATCH_ATTESTATION_COUNT; i++) {
            const price_id =
                "0x" +
                (255 - (i % 256)).toString(16).padStart(2, "0").repeat(32);
                expectRevert(
                    this.pythProxy.getPrice(price_id),
                    "no price available which is recent enough"
                );
            }
    });

    it("changing validity time works", async function() {
        const latestTime = await time.latest();
        let rawBatch = generateRawBatchAttestation(
            latestTime,
            latestTime,
            1337
        );

        await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch]);

        // Setting the validity time to 30 seconds
        await this.pythProxy.updateValidTimePeriodSeconds(30);

        // Then prices should be available
        for (var i = 1; i <= RAW_BATCH_ATTESTATION_COUNT; i++) {
            const price_id =
                "0x" +
                (255 - (i % 256)).toString(16).padStart(2, "0").repeat(32);

            // Expect getPrice to work (not revert)
            await this.pythProxy.getPrice(price_id);
        }

        // One minute passes
        await time.increase(time.duration.minutes(1));

        // The prices should become unavailable now.
        for (var i = 1; i <= RAW_BATCH_ATTESTATION_COUNT; i++) {
            const price_id =
                "0x" +
                (255 - (i % 256)).toString(16).padStart(2, "0").repeat(32);

            expectRevert(
                this.pythProxy.getPrice(price_id),
                "no price available which is recent enough"
            );
        }

        // Setting the validity time to 120 seconds
        await this.pythProxy.updateValidTimePeriodSeconds(120);

        // Then prices should be available because the valid period is now 120 seconds
        for (var i = 1; i <= RAW_BATCH_ATTESTATION_COUNT; i++) {
            const price_id =
                "0x" +
                (255 - (i % 256)).toString(16).padStart(2, "0").repeat(32);
            let priceFeedResult = await this.pythProxy.queryPriceFeed(price_id);

            // Expect getPrice to work (not revert)
            await this.pythProxy.getPrice(price_id);
        }
    });

    it("should use prev price and timestamp on unknown attestation status", async function () {
        const latestTime = await time.latest();
        let rawBatch = generateRawUnknownBatchAttestation(
            latestTime,
            latestTime,
            1337, // price
            1500, // ema price
            latestTime - 10,
            1000, // prev price
        );

        const receipt = await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch]);
        expectEvent(receipt, 'PriceFeedUpdate', {
            price: "1000",
        });

        // Then prices should be available because the valid period is now 120 seconds
        for (var i = 1; i <= RAW_UNKNOWN_BATCH_ATTESTATION_COUNT; i++) {
            const price_id =
                "0x" +
                (255 - (i % 256)).toString(16).padStart(2, "0").repeat(32);

            const price = await this.pythProxy.getPrice(price_id);
            assert.equal(price.price, "1000");
            assert.equal(price.publishTime, (latestTime - 10).toString());

            const emaPrice = await this.pythProxy.getEmaPrice(price_id);
            assert.equal(emaPrice.price, "1500");
            assert.equal(emaPrice.publishTime, (latestTime - 10).toString());
        }
    });

    it("should accept a VM after adding its data source", async function () {
        let newChainId = "42424";
        let newEmitter = testPyth2WormholeEmitter.replace("a", "f");

        await this.pythProxy.addDataSource(newChainId, newEmitter);

        let currentTimestamp = (await web3.eth.getBlock("latest")).timestamp;
        let rawBatch = generateRawBatchAttestation(
            currentTimestamp - 5,
            currentTimestamp,
            1337
        );
        let vm = await signAndEncodeVM(
            1,
            1,
            newChainId,
            newEmitter,
            0,
            rawBatch,
            [testSigner1PK],
            0,
            0
        );

        await this.pythProxy.updatePriceFeeds(["0x" + vm]);
    });

    it("should reject a VM after removing its data source", async function () {
        // Add 2 new data sources to produce a non-trivial data source state.
        let newChainId = "42424";
        let newEmitter = testPyth2WormholeEmitter.replace("a", "f");
        await this.pythProxy.addDataSource(newChainId, newEmitter);

        let newChainId2 = "42425";
        let newEmitter2 = testPyth2WormholeEmitter.replace("a", "e");
        await this.pythProxy.addDataSource(newChainId2, newEmitter2);

        // Remove the first one added
        await this.pythProxy.removeDataSource(newChainId, newEmitter);

        // Sign a batch with the removed data source
        let currentTimestamp = (await web3.eth.getBlock("latest")).timestamp;
        let rawBatch = generateRawBatchAttestation(
            currentTimestamp - 5,
            currentTimestamp,
            1337
        );
        let vm = await signAndEncodeVM(
            1,
            1,
            newChainId,
            newEmitter,
            0,
            rawBatch,
            [testSigner1PK],
            0,
            0
        );

        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.updatePriceFeeds(["0x" + vm]),
            "invalid data source chain/emitter ID"
        );
    });

    // Governance

    // Logics that apply to all governance messages
    it("Make sure invalid magic and module won't work", async function () {
        // First 4 bytes of data are magic and the second byte after that is module
        const data = new governance.SetValidPeriodInstruction(governance.CHAINS.ethereum, BigInt(10)).serialize();

        const wrongMagic = Buffer.from(data);
        wrongMagic[1] = 0;

        const vaaWrongMagic = await createVAAFromUint8Array(wrongMagic,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaaWrongMagic),
            "invalid magic for GovernanceInstruction"
        );

        const wrongModule = Buffer.from(data);
        wrongModule[4] = 0;

        const vaaWrongModule = await createVAAFromUint8Array(wrongModule,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaaWrongModule),
            "invalid module for GovernanceInstruction"
        );

        const outOfBoundModule = Buffer.from(data);
        outOfBoundModule[4] = 20;

        const vaaOutOfBoundModule = await createVAAFromUint8Array(outOfBoundModule,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaaOutOfBoundModule),
            "Panic: Enum value out of bounds.",
        );
    });

    it("Make sure governance with wrong sender won't work", async function () {
        const data = new governance.SetValidPeriodInstruction(governance.CHAINS.ethereum, BigInt(10)).serialize();

        const vaaWrongEmitter = await createVAAFromUint8Array(data,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001111",
            1
        );

        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaaWrongEmitter),
            "VAA is not coming from the governance data source"
        );

        const vaaWrongChain = await createVAAFromUint8Array(data,
            governance.CHAINS.karura, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaaWrongChain),
            "VAA is not coming from the governance data source"
        );
    });

    it("Make sure governance with only target chain id and 0 work", async function () {
        const wrongChainData = new governance.SetValidPeriodInstruction(governance.CHAINS.solana, BigInt(10)).serialize();

        const wrongChainVaa = await createVAAFromUint8Array(wrongChainData,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(wrongChainVaa),
            "invalid target chain for this governance instruction"
        );

        const dataForAllChains = new governance.SetValidPeriodInstruction(governance.CHAINS.unset, BigInt(10)).serialize();

        const vaaForAllChains = await createVAAFromUint8Array(dataForAllChains,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        await this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaaForAllChains);

        const dataForEth = new governance.SetValidPeriodInstruction(governance.CHAINS.ethereum, BigInt(10)).serialize();

        const vaaForEth = await createVAAFromUint8Array(dataForEth,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            2,
        );

        await this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaaForEth);
    });

    it("Make sure that governance messages are executed in order and cannot be reused", async function () {
        const data = new governance.SetValidPeriodInstruction(governance.CHAINS.ethereum, BigInt(10)).serialize();

        const vaaSeq1 = await createVAAFromUint8Array(data,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        await this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaaSeq1),

        // Replaying shouldn't work
        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaaSeq1),
            "VAA is older than the last executed governance VAA",
        )

        const vaaSeq2 = await createVAAFromUint8Array(data,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            2
        );

        await this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaaSeq2),

        // Replaying shouldn't work
        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaaSeq1),
            "VAA is older than the last executed governance VAA",
        )
        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaaSeq2),
            "VAA is older than the last executed governance VAA",
        )
    });

    // Per governance type logic
    it("Upgrading the contract with chain id 0 is invalid", async function () {
        const newImplementation = await PythUpgradable.new();

        const data = new governance.EthereumUpgradeContractInstruction(
            governance.CHAINS.unset, // 0
            new governance.HexString20Bytes(newImplementation.address),
        ).serialize();

        const vaa = await createVAAFromUint8Array(data,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaa),
            "upgrade with chain id 0 is not possible"
        );
    });


    it("Upgrading the contract should work", async function () {
        const newImplementation = await PythUpgradable.new();
        
        const data = new governance.EthereumUpgradeContractInstruction(
            governance.CHAINS.ethereum,
            new governance.HexString20Bytes(newImplementation.address),
        ).serialize();

        const vaa = await createVAAFromUint8Array(data,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        const receipt = await this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaa);

        // Couldn't get the oldImplementation address.
        expectEvent(receipt, 'ContractUpgraded', {
            newImplementation: newImplementation.address,
        });
        expectEvent(receipt, 'Upgraded', {
            implementation: newImplementation.address
        });
    });

    it("Upgrading the contract to a non-pyth contract won't work", async function () {
        const newImplementation = await MockUpgradeableProxy.new();
        
        const data = new governance.EthereumUpgradeContractInstruction(
            governance.CHAINS.ethereum,
            new governance.HexString20Bytes(newImplementation.address),
        ).serialize();

        const vaa = await createVAAFromUint8Array(data,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        // Calling a non-existing method will cause a revert with no explanation.
        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaa),
            "revert"
        );
    });

    it("Transferring governance data source should work", async function () {
        const newEmitterAddress = "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001111";
        const newEmitterChain = governance.CHAINS.acala;

        const claimInstructionData = new governance.RequestGovernanceDataSourceTransferInstruction(
            governance.CHAINS.unset,
            1
        ).serialize();

        const claimVaaHexString = await createVAAFromUint8Array(
            claimInstructionData,
            newEmitterChain, 
            newEmitterAddress,
            1
        );

        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(claimVaaHexString),
            "VAA is not coming from the governance data source"
        );

        const claimVaa = Buffer.from(claimVaaHexString.substring(2), 'hex');

        const data = new governance.AuthorizeGovernanceDataSourceTransferInstruction(
            governance.CHAINS.unset,
            claimVaa
        ).serialize();

        const vaa = await createVAAFromUint8Array(data,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        const oldGovernanceDataSource = await this.pythProxy.governanceDataSource(); 

        const receipt = await this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaa);
        
        const newGovernanceDataSource = await this.pythProxy.governanceDataSource();

        expectEvent(receipt, 'GovernanceDataSourceSet', {
            oldDataSource: oldGovernanceDataSource,
            newDataSource: newGovernanceDataSource,
        });

        expect(newGovernanceDataSource.chainId).equal(newEmitterChain.toString());
        expect(newGovernanceDataSource.emitterAddress).equal(newEmitterAddress);

        // Verifies the data source has changed.
        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaa),
            "VAA is not coming from the governance data source"
        );

        // Make sure a claim vaa does not get executed

        const claimLonely = new governance.RequestGovernanceDataSourceTransferInstruction(
            governance.CHAINS.unset,
            2
        ).serialize();

        const claimLonelyVaa = await createVAAFromUint8Array(
            claimLonely,
            newEmitterChain, 
            newEmitterAddress,
            2
        );
        
        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(claimLonelyVaa),
            "RequestGovernanceDataSourceTransfer can be only part of AuthorizeGovernanceDataSourceTransfer message"
        );

        // Transfer back the ownership to the old governance data source without increasing
        // the governance index should not work

        // A wrong vaa that does not move the governance index
        const transferBackClaimInstructionDataWrong = new governance.RequestGovernanceDataSourceTransferInstruction(
            governance.CHAINS.unset,
            1 // The same governance data source index => Should fail
        ).serialize();

        const transferBackClaimVaaHexStringWrong = await createVAAFromUint8Array(
            transferBackClaimInstructionDataWrong,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            2
        );

        const transferBackClaimVaaWrong = Buffer.from(transferBackClaimVaaHexStringWrong.substring(2), 'hex');

        const transferBackDataWrong = new governance.AuthorizeGovernanceDataSourceTransferInstruction(
            governance.CHAINS.unset,
            transferBackClaimVaaWrong
        ).serialize();

        const transferBackVaaWrong = await createVAAFromUint8Array(transferBackDataWrong,
            newEmitterChain, 
            newEmitterAddress,
            2
        );

        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(transferBackVaaWrong),
            "cannot upgrade to an older governance data source"
        );
    });

    it("Setting data sources should work", async function () {
        const data = new governance.SetDataSourcesInstruction(
            governance.CHAINS.ethereum,
            [new governance.DataSource(
                governance.CHAINS.acala,
                new governance.HexString32Bytes(
                    "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001111",
                )
            )],
        ).serialize();

        const vaa = await createVAAFromUint8Array(data,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        const oldDataSources = await this.pythProxy.validDataSources(); 

        const receipt = await this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaa);
        expectEvent(receipt, 'DataSourcesSet', {
            oldDataSources: oldDataSources,
            newDataSources: await this.pythProxy.validDataSources(),
        });

        assert.isTrue(await this.pythProxy.isValidDataSource(governance.CHAINS.acala,
            "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001111"));
        assert.isFalse(await this.pythProxy.isValidDataSource(testPyth2WormholeChainId,
            testPyth2WormholeEmitter));

        let rawBatch = generateRawBatchAttestation(
            100,
            100,
            1337
        );
        await expectRevert(
            updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch]),
            "invalid data source chain/emitter ID"
        );

        await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch], 0, governance.CHAINS.acala,
            "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001111");
    });

    it("Setting fee should work", async function () {
        const data = new governance.SetFeeInstruction(
            governance.CHAINS.ethereum,
            BigInt(5), BigInt(3) // 5*10**3 = 5000
        ).serialize();

        const vaa = await createVAAFromUint8Array(data,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        const oldFee = await this.pythProxy.singleUpdateFeeInWei(); 

        const receipt = await this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaa);
        expectEvent(receipt, 'FeeSet', {
            oldFee: oldFee,
            newFee: await this.pythProxy.singleUpdateFeeInWei(),
        });

        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.singleUpdateFeeInWei(), "5000");

        let rawBatch = generateRawBatchAttestation(
            100,
            100,
            1337
        );
        await expectRevert(
            updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch], 0),
            insufficientFeeError
        );

        const receiptUpdateFeeds = await updatePriceFeeds(this.pythProxy, [rawBatch], 5000);
        expectEvent(receiptUpdateFeeds, 'UpdatePriceFeeds', {
            fee: "5000"
        });
    });

    it("Setting valid period should work", async function () {
        const data = new governance.SetValidPeriodInstruction(
            governance.CHAINS.ethereum,
            BigInt(0),
        ).serialize();

        const vaa = await createVAAFromUint8Array(data,
            testGovernanceChainId, 
            testGovernanceEmitter,
            1
        );

        const oldValidPeriod = await this.pythProxy.validTimePeriodSeconds(); 

        const receipt = await this.pythProxy.executeGovernanceInstruction(vaa);
        expectEvent(receipt, 'ValidPeriodSet', {
            oldValidPeriod: oldValidPeriod,
            newValidPeriod: await this.pythProxy.validTimePeriodSeconds(),
        });

        assert.equal(await this.pythProxy.validTimePeriodSeconds(), "0");

        // The behaviour of valid time period is extensively tested before,
        // and adding it here will cause more complexity (and is not so short).
    });

    // Renounce ownership works
    it("Renouncing ownership should work", async function () {
        await this.pythProxy.updateValidTimePeriodSeconds(100);
        await this.pythProxy.renounceOwnership();
        await expectRevert(
            this.pythProxy.updateValidTimePeriodSeconds(60),
            "Ownable: caller is not the owner",
        )
    });

    // Version

    it("Make sure version is the npm package version", async function () {
        const contractVersion = await this.pythProxy.version();
        const { version } = require('../package.json');

        expect(contractVersion).equal(version);
    });
});

const signAndEncodeVM = async function (
    timestamp,
    nonce,
    emitterChainId,
    emitterAddress,
    sequence,
    data,
    signers,
    guardianSetIndex,
    consistencyLevel
) {
    const body = [
        web3.eth.abi
            .encodeParameter("uint32", timestamp)
            .substring(2 + (64 - 8)),
        web3.eth.abi.encodeParameter("uint32", nonce).substring(2 + (64 - 8)),
        web3.eth.abi
            .encodeParameter("uint16", emitterChainId)
            .substring(2 + (64 - 4)),
        web3.eth.abi.encodeParameter("bytes32", emitterAddress).substring(2),
        web3.eth.abi
            .encodeParameter("uint64", sequence)
            .substring(2 + (64 - 16)),
        web3.eth.abi
            .encodeParameter("uint8", consistencyLevel)
            .substring(2 + (64 - 2)),
        data.substr(2),
    ];

    const hash = web3.utils.soliditySha3(
        web3.utils.soliditySha3("0x" + body.join(""))
    );

    let signatures = "";

    for (let i in signers) {
        const ec = new elliptic.ec("secp256k1");
        const key = ec.keyFromPrivate(signers[i]);
        const signature = key.sign(hash.substr(2), { canonical: true });

        const packSig = [
            web3.eth.abi.encodeParameter("uint8", i).substring(2 + (64 - 2)),
            zeroPadBytes(signature.r.toString(16), 32),
            zeroPadBytes(signature.s.toString(16), 32),
            web3.eth.abi
                .encodeParameter("uint8", signature.recoveryParam)
                .substr(2 + (64 - 2)),
        ];

        signatures += packSig.join("");
    }

    const vm = [
        web3.eth.abi.encodeParameter("uint8", 1).substring(2 + (64 - 2)),
        web3.eth.abi
            .encodeParameter("uint32", guardianSetIndex)
            .substring(2 + (64 - 8)),
        web3.eth.abi
            .encodeParameter("uint8", signers.length)
            .substring(2 + (64 - 2)),

        signatures,
        body.join(""),
    ].join("");

    return vm;
};

function zeroPadBytes(value, length) {
    while (value.length < 2 * length) {
        value = "0" + value;
    }
    return value;
}

async function createVAAFromUint8Array(
    dataBuffer,
    emitterChainId,
    emitterAddress,
    sequence,
) {
    const dataHex = "0x" + dataBuffer.toString("hex");
    return "0x" + await signAndEncodeVM(
        0,
        0,
        emitterChainId.toString(),
        emitterAddress,
        sequence,
        dataHex,
        [testSigner1PK],
        0,
        0
    );
}