hyperledger-solang_solang/tests/solana.rs

// SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

use crate::borsh_encoding::{decode_at_offset, encode_arguments, BorshToken};
use base58::{FromBase58, ToBase58};
use byteorder::{ByteOrder, LittleEndian, WriteBytesExt};
use libc::c_char;
use rand::Rng;
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
use sha2::{Digest, Sha256};
use solana_rbpf::{
    ebpf,
    elf::Executable,
    error::EbpfError,
    memory_region::{AccessType, MemoryMapping, MemoryRegion},
    question_mark,
    syscalls::BpfSyscallContext,
    user_error::UserError,
    verifier::RequisiteVerifier,
    vm::{
        Config, EbpfVm, SyscallObject, SyscallRegistry, TestInstructionMeter, VerifiedExecutable,
    },
};
use solang::compile;

use anchor_syn::idl::Idl;
use solang::abi::anchor::{discriminator, generate_anchor_idl};
use solang::{file_resolver::FileResolver, Target};
use std::{
    cell::{RefCell, RefMut},
    collections::HashMap,
    convert::TryInto,
    ffi::OsStr,
    io::Write,
    mem::size_of,
    rc::Rc,
};
use tiny_keccak::{Hasher, Keccak};

mod borsh_encoding;
mod solana_tests;

pub type Account = [u8; 32];

pub fn account_new() -> Account {
    let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();

    let mut a = [0u8; 32];

    rng.fill(&mut a[..]);

    a
}

struct AccountState {
    data: Vec<u8>,
    owner: Option<Account>,
    lamports: u64,
}

/// We have a special callback function which tests that the correct
/// parameters are passed in during CPI.
type CallParametersCheck = fn(vm: &VirtualMachine, instr: &Instruction, pda: &[Pubkey]);

struct VirtualMachine {
    account_data: HashMap<Account, AccountState>,
    origin: Account,
    programs: Vec<Contract>,
    stack: Vec<Contract>,
    logs: String,
    events: Vec<Vec<Vec<u8>>>,
    return_data: Option<(Account, Vec<u8>)>,
    call_params_check: HashMap<Pubkey, CallParametersCheck>,
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct Contract {
    program: Account,
    idl: Option<Idl>,
    data: Account,
}

#[derive(Serialize)]
struct ClockLayout {
    slot: u64,
    epoch_start_timestamp: u64,
    epoch: u64,
    leader_schedule_epoch: u64,
    unix_timestamp: u64,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct CreateAccount {
    instruction: u32,
    _lamports: u64,
    space: u64,
    program_id: Account,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct CreateAccountWithSeed {
    instruction: u32,
    base: Account,
    seed: String,
    _lamports: u64,
    space: u64,
    program_id: Account,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct Allocate {
    instruction: u32,
    space: u64,
}

#[derive(Deserialize)]
struct Assign {
    instruction: u32,
    owner: Account,
}

fn build_solidity(src: &str) -> VirtualMachine {
    build_solidity_with_overflow_check(src, false)
}

fn build_solidity_with_overflow_check(src: &str, math_overflow_flag: bool) -> VirtualMachine {
    let mut cache = FileResolver::new();

    cache.set_file_contents("test.sol", src.to_string());

    let (res, ns) = compile(
        OsStr::new("test.sol"),
        &mut cache,
        inkwell::OptimizationLevel::Default,
        Target::Solana,
        math_overflow_flag,
        false,
    );

    ns.print_diagnostics_in_plain(&cache, false);

    assert!(!res.is_empty());

    let mut account_data = HashMap::new();
    let mut programs = Vec::new();

    for contract_no in 0..ns.contracts.len() {
        let contract = &ns.contracts[contract_no];

        if !contract.instantiable {
            continue;
        }

        let code = contract.code.get().unwrap();
        let idl = generate_anchor_idl(contract_no, &ns);

        let program = if let Some(program_id) = &contract.program_id {
            program_id.clone().try_into().unwrap()
        } else {
            account_new()
        };

        account_data.insert(
            program,
            AccountState {
                data: code.clone(),
                owner: None,
                lamports: 0,
            },
        );

        let data = account_new();

        account_data.insert(
            data,
            AccountState {
                data: [0u8; 4096].to_vec(),
                owner: Some(program),
                lamports: 0,
            },
        );

        programs.push(Contract {
            program,
            idl: Some(idl),
            data,
        });
    }

    // Add clock account
    let clock_account: Account = "SysvarC1ock11111111111111111111111111111111"
        .from_base58()
        .unwrap()
        .try_into()
        .unwrap();

    let clock_layout = ClockLayout {
        slot: 70818331,
        epoch: 102,
        epoch_start_timestamp: 946684800,
        leader_schedule_epoch: 1231231312,
        unix_timestamp: 1620656423,
    };

    account_data.insert(
        clock_account,
        AccountState {
            data: bincode::serialize(&clock_layout).unwrap(),
            owner: None,
            lamports: 0,
        },
    );

    let cur = programs.last().unwrap().clone();

    let origin = account_new();

    account_data.insert(
        origin,
        AccountState {
            data: Vec::new(),
            owner: None,
            lamports: 0,
        },
    );

    VirtualMachine {
        account_data,
        origin,
        programs,
        stack: vec![cur],
        logs: String::new(),
        events: Vec::new(),
        return_data: None,
        call_params_check: HashMap::new(),
    }
}

const MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_INCREASE: usize = 10 * 1024;

struct AccountRef {
    account: Account,
    owner_offset: usize,
    data_offset: usize,
    length: usize,
}

fn serialize_parameters(
    input: &[u8],
    metas: &[AccountMeta],
    vm: &VirtualMachine,
) -> (Vec<u8>, Vec<AccountRef>) {
    let mut refs = Vec::new();
    let mut v: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();

    #[allow(clippy::ptr_arg)]
    fn serialize_account(
        v: &mut Vec<u8>,
        refs: &mut Vec<AccountRef>,
        meta: &AccountMeta,
        acc: &AccountState,
    ) {
        // dup_info
        v.write_u8(0xff).unwrap();
        // signer
        v.write_u8(meta.is_signer.into()).unwrap();
        // is_writable
        v.write_u8(meta.is_writable.into()).unwrap();
        // executable
        v.write_u8(1).unwrap();
        // padding
        v.write_all(&[0u8; 4]).unwrap();
        // key
        v.write_all(&meta.pubkey.0).unwrap();
        // owner
        let owner_offset = v.len();

        v.write_all(&acc.owner.unwrap_or([0u8; 32])).unwrap();
        // lamports
        v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(acc.lamports).unwrap();

        // account data
        v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(acc.data.len() as u64).unwrap();

        refs.push(AccountRef {
            account: meta.pubkey.0,
            owner_offset,
            data_offset: v.len(),
            length: acc.data.len(),
        });

        v.write_all(&acc.data).unwrap();
        v.write_all(&[0u8; MAX_PERMITTED_DATA_INCREASE]).unwrap();

        let padding = v.len() % 8;
        if padding != 0 {
            let mut p = Vec::new();
            p.resize(8 - padding, 0);
            v.extend_from_slice(&p);
        }
        // rent epoch
        v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(0).unwrap();
    }

    // ka_num
    v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(metas.len() as u64).unwrap();

    for account in metas {
        serialize_account(
            &mut v,
            &mut refs,
            account,
            &vm.account_data[&account.pubkey.0],
        );
    }

    // calldata
    v.write_u64::<LittleEndian>(input.len() as u64).unwrap();
    v.write_all(input).unwrap();

    // program id
    v.write_all(&vm.stack[0].program).unwrap();

    (v, refs)
}

// We want to extract the account data
fn deserialize_parameters(
    input: &[u8],
    refs: &[AccountRef],
    accounts_data: &mut HashMap<Account, AccountState>,
) {
    for r in refs {
        if let Some(entry) = accounts_data.get_mut(&r.account) {
            let data = input[r.data_offset..r.data_offset + r.length].to_vec();

            entry.data = data;
            entry.lamports = u64::from_ne_bytes(
                input[r.data_offset - 16..r.data_offset - 8]
                    .try_into()
                    .unwrap(),
            );
        }
    }
}

// We want to extract the account data
fn update_parameters(
    input: &[u8],
    mut refs: RefMut<&mut Vec<AccountRef>>,
    accounts_data: &HashMap<Account, AccountState>,
) {
    for r in refs.iter_mut() {
        if let Some(entry) = accounts_data.get(&r.account) {
            r.length = entry.data.len();
            unsafe {
                std::ptr::copy(
                    r.length.to_le_bytes().as_ptr(),
                    input[r.data_offset - 8..].as_ptr() as *mut u8,
                    8,
                );
            }

            unsafe {
                std::ptr::copy(
                    entry.data.as_ptr(),
                    input[r.data_offset..].as_ptr() as *mut u8,
                    r.length,
                );
            }

            if let Some(owner) = &entry.owner {
                unsafe {
                    std::ptr::copy(
                        owner.as_ptr(),
                        input[r.owner_offset..].as_ptr() as *mut u8,
                        32,
                    );
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Clone)]
struct SyscallContext<'a> {
    vm: Rc<RefCell<&'a mut VirtualMachine>>,
    input: &'a [u8],
    refs: Rc<RefCell<&'a mut Vec<AccountRef>>>,
    heap: *const u8,
}

impl<'a> SyscallContext<'a> {
    pub fn heap_verify(&self) {
        const VERBOSE: bool = false;

        let heap: &[u8] = unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts(self.heap, DEFAULT_HEAP_SIZE) };

        const HEAP_START: u64 = 0x3_0000_0000;
        let mut current_elem = HEAP_START;
        let mut last_elem = 0;

        let read_u64 = |offset: u64| {
            let offset = (offset - HEAP_START) as usize;
            u64::from_le_bytes(heap[offset..offset + 8].try_into().unwrap())
        };

        if VERBOSE {
            println!("heap verify:");
        }

        loop {
            let next: u64 = read_u64(current_elem);
            let prev: u64 = read_u64(current_elem + 8);
            let length: u64 = read_u64(current_elem + 16);
            let allocated: u64 = read_u64(current_elem + 24);

            if VERBOSE {
                println!("next:{next:08x} prev:{prev:08x} length:{length} allocated:{allocated}");
            }

            let start = (current_elem + 8 * 4 - HEAP_START) as usize;

            let buf = &heap[start..start + length as usize];

            if allocated == 0 {
                if VERBOSE {
                    println!("{:08x} {} not allocated", current_elem + 32, length);
                }
            } else {
                if VERBOSE {
                    println!("{:08x} {} allocated", current_elem + 32, length);
                }

                assert_eq!(allocated & 0xffff, 1);

                for offset in (0..buf.len()).step_by(16) {
                    use std::fmt::Write;

                    let mut hex = "\t".to_string();
                    let mut chars = "\t".to_string();
                    for i in 0..16 {
                        if offset + i >= buf.len() {
                            break;
                        }
                        let b = buf[offset + i];
                        write!(hex, " {b:02x}").unwrap();
                        if b.is_ascii() && !b.is_ascii_control() {
                            write!(chars, "  {}", b as char).unwrap();
                        } else {
                            chars.push_str("   ");
                        }
                    }
                    if VERBOSE {
                        println!("{hex}\n{chars}");
                    }
                }
            }

            assert_eq!(last_elem, prev);

            if next == 0 {
                break;
            }

            last_elem = current_elem;
            current_elem = next;
        }

        if VERBOSE {
            println!("heap verify done");
        }
    }
}

struct SolPanic();
impl SolPanic {
    /// new
    pub fn init<C, E>(_unused: C) -> Box<dyn SyscallObject<UserError>> {
        Box::new(Self {})
    }
}

impl SyscallObject<UserError> for SolPanic {
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        _src: u64,
        _len: u64,
        _dest: u64,
        _arg4: u64,
        _arg5: u64,
        _memory_mapping: &mut MemoryMapping,
        result: &mut Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>>,
    ) {
        println!("sol_panic_()");
        *result = Err(EbpfError::ExecutionOverrun(0));
    }
}

struct SolLog<'a> {
    context: SyscallContext<'a>,
}
impl<'a> SolLog<'a> {
    /// new
    pub fn init(context: SyscallContext<'a>) -> Box<(dyn SyscallObject<UserError> + 'a)> {
        Box::new(Self { context })
    }
}

impl<'a> SyscallObject<UserError> for SolLog<'a> {
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        vm_addr: u64,
        len: u64,
        _arg3: u64,
        _arg4: u64,
        _arg5: u64,
        memory_mapping: &mut MemoryMapping,
        result: &mut Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>>,
    ) {
        self.context.heap_verify();

        let host_addr = question_mark!(memory_mapping.map(AccessType::Load, vm_addr, len), result);
        let c_buf: *const c_char = host_addr as *const c_char;
        unsafe {
            for i in 0..len {
                let c = std::ptr::read(c_buf.offset(i as isize));
                if c == 0 {
                    break;
                }
            }
            let message = std::str::from_utf8(std::slice::from_raw_parts(
                host_addr as *const u8,
                len as usize,
            ))
            .unwrap();
            println!("log: {message}");
            if let Ok(mut vm) = self.context.vm.try_borrow_mut() {
                vm.logs.push_str(message);
            }
            *result = Ok(0)
        }
    }
}

struct SolLogPubKey<'a> {
    context: SyscallContext<'a>,
}
impl<'a> SolLogPubKey<'a> {
    /// new
    pub fn init(context: SyscallContext<'a>) -> Box<(dyn SyscallObject<UserError> + 'a)> {
        Box::new(Self { context })
    }
}

impl<'a> SyscallObject<UserError> for SolLogPubKey<'a> {
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        pubkey_addr: u64,
        _arg2: u64,
        _arg3: u64,
        _arg4: u64,
        _arg5: u64,
        memory_mapping: &mut MemoryMapping,
        result: &mut Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>>,
    ) {
        self.context.heap_verify();

        let account = question_mark!(
            translate_slice::<Account>(memory_mapping, pubkey_addr, 1),
            result
        );
        let message = account[0].to_base58();
        println!("log pubkey: {message}");
        if let Ok(mut vm) = self.context.vm.try_borrow_mut() {
            vm.logs.push_str(&message);
        }
        *result = Ok(0)
    }
}

struct SolLogU64<'a> {
    context: SyscallContext<'a>,
}
impl<'a> SolLogU64<'a> {
    /// new
    pub fn init(context: SyscallContext<'a>) -> Box<(dyn SyscallObject<UserError> + 'a)> {
        Box::new(Self { context })
    }
}

impl<'a> SyscallObject<UserError> for SolLogU64<'a> {
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        arg1: u64,
        arg2: u64,
        arg3: u64,
        arg4: u64,
        arg5: u64,
        _memory_mapping: &mut MemoryMapping,
        result: &mut Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>>,
    ) {
        let message = format!("{arg1:#x}, {arg2:#x}, {arg3:#x}, {arg4:#x}, {arg5:#x}");

        println!("log64: {message}");

        self.context.heap_verify();

        if let Ok(mut vm) = self.context.vm.try_borrow_mut() {
            vm.logs.push_str(&message);
        }
        *result = Ok(0)
    }
}

struct SolSha256<'a> {
    context: SyscallContext<'a>,
}
impl<'a> SolSha256<'a> {
    /// new
    pub fn init(context: SyscallContext<'a>) -> Box<(dyn SyscallObject<UserError> + 'a)> {
        Box::new(Self { context })
    }
}

impl<'a> SyscallObject<UserError> for SolSha256<'a> {
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        src: u64,
        len: u64,
        dest: u64,
        _arg4: u64,
        _arg5: u64,
        memory_mapping: &mut MemoryMapping,
        result: &mut Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>>,
    ) {
        self.context.heap_verify();

        let arrays = question_mark!(
            translate_slice::<(u64, u64)>(memory_mapping, src, len),
            result
        );

        let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
        for (addr, len) in arrays {
            let buf = question_mark!(translate_slice::<u8>(memory_mapping, *addr, *len), result);
            println!("hashing: {}", hex::encode(buf));
            hasher.update(buf);
        }

        let hash = hasher.finalize();

        let hash_result = question_mark!(
            translate_slice_mut::<u8>(memory_mapping, dest, hash.len() as u64),
            result
        );

        hash_result.copy_from_slice(&hash);

        println!("sol_sha256: {}", hex::encode(hash));

        *result = Ok(0)
    }
}

struct SolKeccak256<'a> {
    context: SyscallContext<'a>,
}
impl<'a> SolKeccak256<'a> {
    /// new
    pub fn init(context: SyscallContext<'a>) -> Box<(dyn SyscallObject<UserError> + 'a)> {
        Box::new(Self { context })
    }
}

impl<'a> SyscallObject<UserError> for SolKeccak256<'a> {
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        src: u64,
        len: u64,
        dest: u64,
        _arg4: u64,
        _arg5: u64,
        memory_mapping: &mut MemoryMapping,
        result: &mut Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>>,
    ) {
        self.context.heap_verify();

        let arrays = question_mark!(
            translate_slice::<(u64, u64)>(memory_mapping, src, len),
            result
        );

        let mut hasher = Keccak::v256();
        let mut hash = [0u8; 32];
        for (addr, len) in arrays {
            let buf = question_mark!(translate_slice::<u8>(memory_mapping, *addr, *len), result);
            println!("hashing: {}", hex::encode(buf));
            hasher.update(buf);
        }
        hasher.finalize(&mut hash);

        let hash_result = question_mark!(
            translate_slice_mut::<u8>(memory_mapping, dest, hash.len() as u64),
            result
        );

        hash_result.copy_from_slice(&hash);

        println!("sol_keccak256: {}", hex::encode(hash));

        *result = Ok(0)
    }
}
struct SolCreateProgramAddress();
impl SolCreateProgramAddress {
    /// new
    pub fn init<C, E>(_unused: C) -> Box<dyn SyscallObject<UserError>> {
        Box::new(Self {})
    }
}

impl SyscallObject<UserError> for SolCreateProgramAddress {
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        seed_ptr: u64,
        seed_len: u64,
        program_id: u64,
        dest: u64,
        _arg5: u64,
        memory_mapping: &mut MemoryMapping,
        result: &mut Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>>,
    ) {
        assert!(seed_len <= 16);

        let arrays = question_mark!(
            translate_slice::<(u64, u64)>(memory_mapping, seed_ptr, seed_len),
            result
        );

        let mut seeds = Vec::new();

        for (addr, len) in arrays {
            assert!(*len < 32);

            let buf = question_mark!(translate_slice::<u8>(memory_mapping, *addr, *len), result);

            println!("seed:{}", hex::encode(buf));

            seeds.push(buf);
        }

        let program_id = question_mark!(
            translate_type::<Account>(memory_mapping, program_id),
            result
        );

        println!("program_id:{}", program_id.to_base58());

        let pda = create_program_address(program_id, &seeds);

        let hash_result =
            question_mark!(translate_slice_mut::<u8>(memory_mapping, dest, 32), result);

        hash_result.copy_from_slice(&pda.0);

        println!("sol_create_program_address: {}", pda.0.to_base58());

        *result = Ok(0)
    }
}

struct SolTryFindProgramAddress();
impl SolTryFindProgramAddress {
    /// new
    pub fn init<C, E>(_unused: C) -> Box<dyn SyscallObject<UserError>> {
        Box::new(Self {})
    }
}

impl SyscallObject<UserError> for SolTryFindProgramAddress {
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        seed_ptr: u64,
        seed_len: u64,
        program_id: u64,
        dest: u64,
        bump: u64,
        memory_mapping: &mut MemoryMapping,
        result: &mut Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>>,
    ) {
        assert!(seed_len <= 16);

        let arrays = question_mark!(
            translate_slice::<(u64, u64)>(memory_mapping, seed_ptr, seed_len),
            result
        );

        let mut seeds = Vec::new();

        for (addr, len) in arrays {
            assert!(*len < 32);

            let buf = question_mark!(translate_slice::<u8>(memory_mapping, *addr, *len), result);

            println!("seed:{}", hex::encode(buf));

            seeds.push(buf);
        }

        let program_id = question_mark!(
            translate_type::<Account>(memory_mapping, program_id),
            result
        );

        println!("program_id:{}", program_id.to_base58());

        let bump_seed = [std::u8::MAX];
        let mut seeds_with_bump = seeds.to_vec();
        seeds_with_bump.push(&bump_seed);

        let pda = create_program_address(program_id, &seeds_with_bump);

        let hash_result =
            question_mark!(translate_slice_mut::<u8>(memory_mapping, dest, 32), result);

        hash_result.copy_from_slice(&pda.0);

        let bump_result =
            question_mark!(translate_slice_mut::<u8>(memory_mapping, bump, 1), result);

        bump_result.copy_from_slice(&bump_seed);

        println!(
            "sol_try_find_program_address: {} {:x}",
            pda.0.to_base58(),
            bump_seed[0]
        );

        *result = Ok(0)
    }
}

struct SyscallSetReturnData<'a> {
    context: SyscallContext<'a>,
}
impl<'a> SyscallSetReturnData<'a> {
    /// new
    pub fn init(context: SyscallContext<'a>) -> Box<(dyn SyscallObject<UserError> + 'a)> {
        Box::new(Self { context })
    }
}

impl<'a> SyscallObject<UserError> for SyscallSetReturnData<'a> {
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        addr: u64,
        len: u64,
        _arg3: u64,
        _arg4: u64,
        _arg5: u64,
        memory_mapping: &mut MemoryMapping,
        result: &mut Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>>,
    ) {
        self.context.heap_verify();

        assert!(len <= 1024, "sol_set_return_data: length is {len}");

        let buf = question_mark!(translate_slice::<u8>(memory_mapping, addr, len), result);

        println!("sol_set_return_data: {}", hex::encode(buf));

        if let Ok(mut vm) = self.context.vm.try_borrow_mut() {
            if len == 0 {
                vm.return_data = None;
            } else {
                vm.return_data = Some((vm.stack[0].program, buf.to_vec()));
            }

            *result = Ok(0);
        } else {
            panic!();
        }
    }
}

struct SyscallGetReturnData<'a> {
    context: SyscallContext<'a>,
}
impl<'a> SyscallGetReturnData<'a> {
    /// new
    pub fn init(context: SyscallContext<'a>) -> Box<(dyn SyscallObject<UserError> + 'a)> {
        Box::new(Self { context })
    }
}

impl<'a> SyscallObject<UserError> for SyscallGetReturnData<'a> {
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        addr: u64,
        len: u64,
        program_id_addr: u64,
        _arg4: u64,
        _arg5: u64,
        memory_mapping: &mut MemoryMapping,
        result: &mut Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>>,
    ) {
        self.context.heap_verify();

        if let Ok(vm) = self.context.vm.try_borrow() {
            if let Some((program_id, return_data)) = &vm.return_data {
                let length = std::cmp::min(len, return_data.len() as u64);

                if len > 0 {
                    let set_result = question_mark!(
                        translate_slice_mut::<u8>(memory_mapping, addr, length),
                        result
                    );

                    set_result.copy_from_slice(&return_data[..length as usize]);

                    let program_id_result = question_mark!(
                        translate_slice_mut::<u8>(memory_mapping, program_id_addr, 32),
                        result
                    );

                    program_id_result.copy_from_slice(program_id);
                }

                *result = Ok(return_data.len() as u64);
            } else {
                *result = Ok(0);
            }
        } else {
            panic!();
        }
    }
}

struct SyscallLogData<'a> {
    context: SyscallContext<'a>,
}
impl<'a> SyscallLogData<'a> {
    /// new
    pub fn init(context: SyscallContext<'a>) -> Box<(dyn SyscallObject<UserError> + 'a)> {
        Box::new(Self { context })
    }
}

impl<'a> SyscallObject<UserError> for SyscallLogData<'a> {
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        addr: u64,
        len: u64,
        _arg3: u64,
        _arg4: u64,
        _arg5: u64,
        memory_mapping: &mut MemoryMapping,
        result: &mut Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>>,
    ) {
        self.context.heap_verify();

        if let Ok(mut vm) = self.context.vm.try_borrow_mut() {
            print!("sol_log_data");
            let untranslated_events =
                question_mark!(translate_slice::<&[u8]>(memory_mapping, addr, len), result);

            let mut events = Vec::with_capacity(untranslated_events.len());

            for untranslated_event in untranslated_events {
                let event = question_mark!(
                    translate_slice_mut::<u8>(
                        memory_mapping,
                        untranslated_event.as_ptr() as u64,
                        untranslated_event.len() as u64,
                    ),
                    result
                );

                print!(" {}", hex::encode(&event));

                events.push(event.to_vec());
            }

            println!();

            vm.events.push(events.to_vec());

            *result = Ok(0);
        } else {
            panic!();
        }
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum Ed25519SigCheckError {
    InvalidPublicKey,
    InvalidSignature,
    VerifyFailed,
}

impl From<u64> for Ed25519SigCheckError {
    fn from(v: u64) -> Ed25519SigCheckError {
        match v {
            1 => Ed25519SigCheckError::InvalidPublicKey,
            2 => Ed25519SigCheckError::InvalidSignature,
            3 => Ed25519SigCheckError::VerifyFailed,
            _ => panic!("Unsupported Ed25519SigCheckError"),
        }
    }
}

impl From<Ed25519SigCheckError> for u64 {
    fn from(v: Ed25519SigCheckError) -> u64 {
        match v {
            Ed25519SigCheckError::InvalidPublicKey => 1,
            Ed25519SigCheckError::InvalidSignature => 2,
            Ed25519SigCheckError::VerifyFailed => 3,
        }
    }
}

const DEFAULT_HEAP_SIZE: usize = 32 * 1024;

/// Rust representation of C's SolInstruction
#[derive(Debug)]
struct SolInstruction {
    program_id_addr: u64,
    accounts_addr: u64,
    accounts_len: usize,
    data_addr: u64,
    data_len: usize,
}

/// Rust representation of C's SolAccountMeta
#[derive(Debug)]
struct SolAccountMeta {
    pubkey_addr: u64,
    is_writable: bool,
    is_signer: bool,
}

/// Rust representation of C's SolSignerSeed
#[derive(Debug)]
struct SolSignerSeedC {
    addr: u64,
    len: u64,
}

/// Rust representation of C's SolSignerSeeds
#[derive(Debug)]
struct SolSignerSeedsC {
    addr: u64,
    len: u64,
}

#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Instruction {
    /// Pubkey of the instruction processor that executes this instruction
    pub program_id: Pubkey,
    /// Metadata for what accounts should be passed to the instruction processor
    pub accounts: Vec<AccountMeta>,
    /// Opaque data passed to the instruction processor
    pub data: Vec<u8>,
}

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Clone)]
pub struct Pubkey([u8; 32]);

impl Pubkey {
    fn is_system_instruction(&self) -> bool {
        self.0 == [0u8; 32]
    }
}

#[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Clone)]
pub struct AccountMeta {
    /// An account's public key
    pub pubkey: Pubkey,
    /// True if an Instruction requires a Transaction signature matching `pubkey`.
    pub is_signer: bool,
    /// True if the `pubkey` can be loaded as a read-write account.
    pub is_writable: bool,
}

fn translate(
    memory_mapping: &MemoryMapping,
    access_type: AccessType,
    vm_addr: u64,
    len: u64,
) -> Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>> {
    memory_mapping.map::<UserError>(access_type, vm_addr, len)
}

fn translate_type_inner<'a, T>(
    memory_mapping: &MemoryMapping,
    access_type: AccessType,
    vm_addr: u64,
) -> Result<&'a mut T, EbpfError<UserError>> {
    unsafe {
        translate(memory_mapping, access_type, vm_addr, size_of::<T>() as u64)
            .map(|value| &mut *(value as *mut T))
    }
}

fn translate_type<'a, T>(
    memory_mapping: &MemoryMapping,
    vm_addr: u64,
) -> Result<&'a T, EbpfError<UserError>> {
    translate_type_inner::<T>(memory_mapping, AccessType::Load, vm_addr).map(|value| &*value)
}

fn translate_slice<'a, T>(
    memory_mapping: &MemoryMapping,
    vm_addr: u64,
    len: u64,
) -> Result<&'a [T], EbpfError<UserError>> {
    translate_slice_inner::<T>(memory_mapping, AccessType::Load, vm_addr, len).map(|value| &*value)
}

fn translate_slice_mut<'a, T>(
    memory_mapping: &MemoryMapping,
    vm_addr: u64,
    len: u64,
) -> Result<&'a mut [T], EbpfError<UserError>> {
    translate_slice_inner::<T>(memory_mapping, AccessType::Store, vm_addr, len)
}

fn translate_slice_inner<'a, T>(
    memory_mapping: &MemoryMapping,
    access_type: AccessType,
    vm_addr: u64,
    len: u64,
) -> Result<&'a mut [T], EbpfError<UserError>> {
    if len == 0 {
        Ok(&mut [])
    } else {
        match translate(
            memory_mapping,
            access_type,
            vm_addr,
            len.saturating_mul(size_of::<T>() as u64),
        ) {
            Ok(value) => {
                Ok(unsafe { std::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(value as *mut T, len as usize) })
            }
            Err(e) => Err(e),
        }
    }
}

struct SyscallInvokeSignedC<'a> {
    context: SyscallContext<'a>,
}
impl<'a> SyscallInvokeSignedC<'a> {
    /// new
    pub fn init(context: SyscallContext<'a>) -> Box<(dyn SyscallObject<UserError> + 'a)> {
        Box::new(Self { context })
    }
}

impl<'a> SyscallInvokeSignedC<'a> {
    fn translate_instruction(
        &self,
        addr: u64,
        memory_mapping: &MemoryMapping,
    ) -> Result<Instruction, EbpfError<UserError>> {
        let ix_c = translate_type::<SolInstruction>(memory_mapping, addr)?;

        let program_id = translate_type::<Pubkey>(memory_mapping, ix_c.program_id_addr)?;
        let meta_cs = translate_slice::<SolAccountMeta>(
            memory_mapping,
            ix_c.accounts_addr,
            ix_c.accounts_len as u64,
        )?;
        let data =
            translate_slice::<u8>(memory_mapping, ix_c.data_addr, ix_c.data_len as u64)?.to_vec();
        let accounts = meta_cs
            .iter()
            .map(|meta_c| {
                let pubkey = translate_type::<Pubkey>(memory_mapping, meta_c.pubkey_addr)?;
                Ok(AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: pubkey.clone(),
                    is_signer: meta_c.is_signer,
                    is_writable: meta_c.is_writable,
                })
            })
            .collect::<Result<Vec<AccountMeta>, EbpfError<UserError>>>()?;

        Ok(Instruction {
            program_id: program_id.clone(),
            accounts,
            data,
        })
    }
}

fn create_program_address(program_id: &Account, seeds: &[&[u8]]) -> Pubkey {
    let mut hasher = Sha256::new();

    for seed in seeds {
        hasher.update(seed);
    }

    hasher.update(program_id);
    hasher.update(b"ProgramDerivedAddress");

    let hash = hasher.finalize();

    let new_address: [u8; 32] = hash.try_into().unwrap();

    // the real runtime does checks if this address exists on the ed25519 curve

    Pubkey(new_address)
}

impl<'a> SyscallObject<UserError> for SyscallInvokeSignedC<'a> {
    fn call(
        &mut self,
        instruction_addr: u64,
        _account_infos_addr: u64,
        _account_infos_len: u64,
        signers_seeds_addr: u64,
        signers_seeds_len: u64,
        memory_mapping: &mut MemoryMapping,
        result: &mut Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>>,
    ) {
        let instruction = self
            .translate_instruction(instruction_addr, memory_mapping)
            .expect("instruction not valid");

        println!(
            "sol_invoke_signed_c input:{}",
            hex::encode(&instruction.data)
        );

        let seeds = question_mark!(
            translate_slice::<SolSignerSeedsC>(
                memory_mapping,
                signers_seeds_addr,
                signers_seeds_len
            ),
            result
        );

        if let Ok(mut vm) = self.context.vm.try_borrow_mut() {
            let signers: Vec<Pubkey> = seeds
                .iter()
                .map(|seed| {
                    let seeds: Vec<&[u8]> =
                        translate_slice::<SolSignerSeedC>(memory_mapping, seed.addr, seed.len)
                            .unwrap()
                            .iter()
                            .map(|seed| {
                                translate_slice::<u8>(memory_mapping, seed.addr, seed.len).unwrap()
                            })
                            .collect();

                    let pda = create_program_address(&vm.stack[0].program, &seeds);

                    println!(
                        "pda: {} seeds {}",
                        pda.0.to_base58(),
                        seeds
                            .iter()
                            .map(hex::encode)
                            .collect::<Vec<String>>()
                            .join(" ")
                    );

                    pda
                })
                .collect();

            vm.return_data = None;

            if let Some(handle) = vm.call_params_check.get(&instruction.program_id) {
                handle(&vm, &instruction, &signers);
            } else if instruction.program_id.is_system_instruction() {
                match bincode::deserialize::<u32>(&instruction.data).unwrap() {
                    0 => {
                        let create_account: CreateAccount =
                            bincode::deserialize(&instruction.data).unwrap();

                        let address = &instruction.accounts[1].pubkey;

                        assert!(instruction.accounts[1].is_signer);

                        println!("new address: {}", address.0.to_base58());
                        for s in &signers {
                            println!("signer: {}", s.0.to_base58());
                        }

                        if !signers.is_empty() {
                            assert!(signers.contains(address));
                        }

                        assert_eq!(create_account.instruction, 0);

                        println!(
                            "creating account {} with space {} owner {}",
                            address.0.to_base58(),
                            create_account.space,
                            create_account.program_id.to_base58()
                        );

                        assert_eq!(vm.account_data[&address.0].data.len(), 0);

                        if let Some(entry) = vm.account_data.get_mut(&address.0) {
                            entry.data = vec![0; create_account.space as usize];
                            entry.owner = Some(create_account.program_id);
                        }

                        let mut refs = self.context.refs.try_borrow_mut().unwrap();

                        for r in refs.iter_mut() {
                            if r.account == address.0 {
                                r.length = create_account.space as usize;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    1 => {
                        let assign: Assign = bincode::deserialize(&instruction.data).unwrap();

                        let address = &instruction.accounts[0].pubkey;

                        println!("assign address: {}", address.0.to_base58());
                        for s in &signers {
                            println!("signer: {}", s.0.to_base58());
                        }

                        assert!(signers.contains(address));

                        assert_eq!(assign.instruction, 1);

                        println!(
                            "assign account {} owner {}",
                            address.0.to_base58(),
                            assign.owner.to_base58(),
                        );

                        if let Some(entry) = vm.account_data.get_mut(&address.0) {
                            entry.owner = Some(assign.owner);
                        }
                    }
                    3 => {
                        let create_account: CreateAccountWithSeed =
                            bincode::deserialize(&instruction.data).unwrap();

                        assert_eq!(create_account.instruction, 3);

                        let mut hasher = Sha256::new();
                        hasher.update(create_account.base);
                        hasher.update(create_account.seed);
                        hasher.update(create_account.program_id);

                        let hash = hasher.finalize();

                        let new_address: [u8; 32] = hash.try_into().unwrap();

                        println!(
                            "creating account {} with space {} owner {}",
                            hex::encode(new_address),
                            create_account.space,
                            hex::encode(create_account.program_id)
                        );

                        vm.account_data.insert(
                            new_address,
                            AccountState {
                                data: vec![0; create_account.space as usize],
                                owner: Some(create_account.program_id),
                                lamports: 0,
                            },
                        );

                        vm.programs.push(Contract {
                            program: create_account.program_id,
                            idl: None,
                            data: new_address,
                        });
                    }
                    8 => {
                        let allocate: Allocate = bincode::deserialize(&instruction.data).unwrap();

                        let address = &instruction.accounts[0].pubkey;

                        println!("new address: {}", address.0.to_base58());
                        for s in &signers {
                            println!("signer: {}", s.0.to_base58());
                        }
                        assert!(signers.contains(address));

                        assert_eq!(allocate.instruction, 8);

                        println!(
                            "allocate account {} with space {}",
                            address.0.to_base58(),
                            allocate.space,
                        );

                        assert_eq!(vm.account_data[&address.0].data.len(), 0);

                        if let Some(entry) = vm.account_data.get_mut(&address.0) {
                            entry.data = vec![0; allocate.space as usize];
                        }

                        let mut refs = self.context.refs.try_borrow_mut().unwrap();

                        for r in refs.iter_mut() {
                            if r.account == address.0 {
                                r.length = allocate.space as usize;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    instruction => panic!("instruction {instruction} not supported"),
                }
            } else {
                let data_id: Account = instruction.accounts[0].pubkey.0;

                println!(
                    "calling {} program_id {}",
                    data_id.to_base58(),
                    instruction.program_id.0.to_base58()
                );

                assert_eq!(data_id, instruction.accounts[0].pubkey.0);

                let mut p = vm
                    .programs
                    .iter()
                    .find(|p| p.program == instruction.program_id.0)
                    .unwrap()
                    .clone();

                p.data = data_id;

                vm.stack.insert(0, p);

                let res = vm.execute(&instruction.accounts, &instruction.data);
                assert_eq!(res, Ok(0));

                let refs = self.context.refs.try_borrow_mut().unwrap();

                update_parameters(self.context.input, refs, &vm.account_data);

                vm.stack.remove(0);
            }
        }

        *result = Ok(0)
    }
}

impl VirtualMachine {
    fn execute(
        &mut self,
        metas: &[AccountMeta],
        calldata: &[u8],
    ) -> Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>> {
        println!("running bpf with calldata:{}", hex::encode(calldata));

        let (mut parameter_bytes, mut refs) = serialize_parameters(calldata, metas, self);
        let mut heap = vec![0_u8; DEFAULT_HEAP_SIZE];

        let program = &self.stack[0];

        let mut syscall_registry = SyscallRegistry::default();
        syscall_registry
            .register_syscall_by_name(
                b"sol_panic_",
                SolPanic::init::<BpfSyscallContext, UserError>,
                SolPanic::call,
            )
            .unwrap();

        syscall_registry
            .register_syscall_by_name(b"sol_log_", SolLog::init, SolLog::call)
            .unwrap();

        syscall_registry
            .register_syscall_by_name(b"sol_log_pubkey", SolLogPubKey::init, SolLogPubKey::call)
            .unwrap();

        syscall_registry
            .register_syscall_by_name(b"sol_log_64_", SolLogU64::init, SolLogU64::call)
            .unwrap();

        syscall_registry
            .register_syscall_by_name(b"sol_sha256", SolSha256::init, SolSha256::call)
            .unwrap();

        syscall_registry
            .register_syscall_by_name(b"sol_keccak256", SolKeccak256::init, SolKeccak256::call)
            .unwrap();

        syscall_registry
            .register_syscall_by_name(
                b"sol_create_program_address",
                SolCreateProgramAddress::init::<BpfSyscallContext, UserError>,
                SolCreateProgramAddress::call,
            )
            .unwrap();

        syscall_registry
            .register_syscall_by_name(
                b"sol_try_find_program_address",
                SolTryFindProgramAddress::init::<BpfSyscallContext, UserError>,
                SolTryFindProgramAddress::call,
            )
            .unwrap();

        syscall_registry
            .register_syscall_by_name(
                b"sol_invoke_signed_c",
                SyscallInvokeSignedC::init,
                SyscallInvokeSignedC::call,
            )
            .unwrap();

        syscall_registry
            .register_syscall_by_name(
                b"sol_set_return_data",
                SyscallSetReturnData::init,
                SyscallSetReturnData::call,
            )
            .unwrap();

        syscall_registry
            .register_syscall_by_name(
                b"sol_get_return_data",
                SyscallGetReturnData::init,
                SyscallGetReturnData::call,
            )
            .unwrap();

        syscall_registry
            .register_syscall_by_name(b"sol_log_data", SyscallLogData::init, SyscallLogData::call)
            .unwrap();

        // program.program
        println!("program: {}", program.program.to_base58());

        let executable = Executable::<UserError, TestInstructionMeter>::from_elf(
            &self.account_data[&program.program].data,
            Config::default(),
            syscall_registry,
        )
        .expect("should work");

        let verified_executable = VerifiedExecutable::<
            RequisiteVerifier,
            UserError,
            TestInstructionMeter,
        >::from_executable(executable)
        .unwrap();

        let parameter_region =
            MemoryRegion::new_writable(&mut parameter_bytes, ebpf::MM_INPUT_START);
        let mut vm = EbpfVm::<RequisiteVerifier, UserError, TestInstructionMeter>::new(
            &verified_executable,
            &mut heap,
            vec![parameter_region],
        )
        .unwrap();

        let context = SyscallContext {
            vm: Rc::new(RefCell::new(self)),
            input: &parameter_bytes,
            refs: Rc::new(RefCell::new(&mut refs)),
            heap: heap.as_ptr(),
        };

        vm.bind_syscall_context_objects(context).unwrap();

        let res = vm.execute_program_interpreted(&mut TestInstructionMeter { remaining: 1000000 });

        deserialize_parameters(&parameter_bytes, &refs, &mut self.account_data);

        self.validate_account_data_heap();

        if let Some((_, return_data)) = &self.return_data {
            println!("return: {}", hex::encode(return_data));
        }

        res
    }

    fn constructor(&mut self, args: &[BorshToken]) {
        self.constructor_expected(0, args)
    }

    fn constructor_expected(&mut self, expected: u64, args: &[BorshToken]) {
        self.return_data = None;

        let program = &self.stack[0];
        println!("constructor for {}", hex::encode(program.data));

        let mut calldata = discriminator("global", "new");
        if program
            .idl
            .as_ref()
            .unwrap()
            .instructions
            .iter()
            .any(|instr| instr.name == "new")
        {
            let mut encoded_data = encode_arguments(args);
            calldata.append(&mut encoded_data);
        };

        let default_metas = self.default_metas();

        let res = self.execute(&default_metas, &calldata);

        println!("res:{res:?}");
        assert_eq!(res, Ok(expected));
        if let Some((_, return_data)) = &self.return_data {
            assert_eq!(return_data.len(), 0);
        }
    }

    fn function(&mut self, name: &str, args: &[BorshToken]) -> Option<BorshToken> {
        let default_metas = self.default_metas();

        self.function_metas(&default_metas, name, args)
    }

    fn function_metas(
        &mut self,
        metas: &[AccountMeta],
        name: &str,
        args: &[BorshToken],
    ) -> Option<BorshToken> {
        self.return_data = None;
        let program = &self.stack[0];

        println!("function {} for {}", name, hex::encode(program.data));

        let mut calldata = discriminator("global", name);

        let instruction = if let Some(instr) = program
            .idl
            .as_ref()
            .unwrap()
            .instructions
            .iter()
            .find(|item| item.name == name)
        {
            instr.clone()
        } else {
            panic!("Function '{name}' not found");
        };

        let mut encoded_args = encode_arguments(args);
        calldata.append(&mut encoded_args);

        println!("input: {}", hex::encode(&calldata));

        let res = self.execute(metas, &calldata);
        match res {
            Ok(0) => (),
            Ok(error_code) => panic!("unexpected return {error_code:#x}"),
            Err(e) => panic!("error: {e:?}"),
        };

        let return_data = if let Some((_, return_data)) = &self.return_data {
            return_data.as_slice()
        } else {
            &[]
        };

        if let Some(ret) = &instruction.returns {
            let mut offset: usize = 0;
            let decoded = decode_at_offset(
                return_data,
                &mut offset,
                ret,
                &self.stack[0].idl.as_ref().unwrap().types,
            );
            assert_eq!(offset, return_data.len());
            Some(decoded)
        } else {
            assert_eq!(return_data.len(), 0);
            None
        }
    }

    fn function_must_fail(
        &mut self,
        name: &str,
        args: &[BorshToken],
    ) -> Result<u64, EbpfError<UserError>> {
        let program = &self.stack[0];

        println!("function for {}", hex::encode(program.data));

        let mut calldata = Vec::new();

        if !self.stack[0]
            .idl
            .as_ref()
            .unwrap()
            .instructions
            .iter()
            .any(|item| item.name == name)
        {
            panic!("Function '{name}' not found");
        }

        let selector = discriminator("global", name);
        calldata.extend_from_slice(&selector);
        let mut encoded = encode_arguments(args);
        calldata.append(&mut encoded);

        let default_metas = self.default_metas();

        println!("input: {}", hex::encode(&calldata));

        self.execute(&default_metas, &calldata)
    }

    fn default_metas(&self) -> Vec<AccountMeta> {
        // Just include everything
        let mut accounts = vec![AccountMeta {
            pubkey: Pubkey(self.stack[0].data),
            is_writable: true,
            is_signer: false,
        }];

        for acc in self.account_data.keys() {
            if *acc != accounts[0].pubkey.0 {
                accounts.push(AccountMeta {
                    pubkey: Pubkey(*acc),
                    is_signer: false,
                    is_writable: true,
                });
            }
        }

        accounts
    }

    fn data(&self) -> &Vec<u8> {
        let program = &self.stack[0];

        &self.account_data[&program.data].data
    }

    fn set_program(&mut self, no: usize) {
        let cur = self.programs[no].clone();

        self.stack = vec![cur];
    }

    fn create_pda(&mut self, program_id: &Account) -> (Account, Vec<u8>) {
        let mut rng = rand::thread_rng();

        let mut seed = [0u8; 7];

        rng.fill(&mut seed[..]);

        let pk = create_program_address(program_id, &[&seed]);

        let account = pk.0;

        println!(
            "new empty account {} with seed {}",
            account.to_base58(),
            hex::encode(seed)
        );

        self.create_empty_account(&account, program_id);

        (account, seed.to_vec())
    }

    fn create_empty_account(&mut self, account: &Account, program_id: &Account) {
        self.account_data.insert(
            *account,
            AccountState {
                data: vec![],
                owner: Some([0u8; 32]),
                lamports: 0,
            },
        );

        self.programs.push(Contract {
            program: *program_id,
            idl: None,
            data: *account,
        });
    }

    fn validate_account_data_heap(&self) -> usize {
        if let Some(acc) = self.account_data.get(&self.stack[0].data) {
            let data = &acc.data;

            let mut count = 0;

            if data.len() < 4 || LittleEndian::read_u32(&data[0..]) == 0 {
                return count;
            }

            let mut prev_offset = 0;
            let return_len = LittleEndian::read_u32(&data[4..]) as usize;
            let return_offset = LittleEndian::read_u32(&data[8..]) as usize;
            let mut offset = LittleEndian::read_u32(&data[12..]) as usize;

            // The return_offset/len fields are no longer used (we should remove them at some point)
            assert_eq!(return_len, 0);
            assert_eq!(return_offset, 0);

            println!(
                "static: length:{:x} {}",
                offset - 16,
                hex::encode(&data[16..offset])
            );

            if offset >= data.len() {
                return count;
            }

            loop {
                let next = LittleEndian::read_u32(&data[offset..]) as usize;
                let prev = LittleEndian::read_u32(&data[offset + 4..]) as usize;
                let length = LittleEndian::read_u32(&data[offset + 8..]) as usize;
                let allocate = LittleEndian::read_u32(&data[offset + 12..]) as usize;

                if allocate == 1 {
                    count += 1;
                }

                println!(
                    "offset:{:x} prev:{:x} next:{:x} length:{} allocated:{} {}",
                    offset + 16,
                    prev + 16,
                    next + 16,
                    length,
                    allocate,
                    hex::encode(&data[offset + 16..offset + 16 + length])
                );

                assert_eq!(prev, prev_offset);
                prev_offset = offset;

                if next == 0 {
                    assert_eq!(length, 0);
                    assert_eq!(allocate, 0);

                    break;
                }

                let space = next - offset - 16;
                assert!(length <= space);

                offset = next;
            }

            count
        } else {
            0
        }
    }
}